Continue Your Learning

These resources include reports, videos, books, and other readings. This list is by no means exhaustive but has been curated with the guidance of the Foundation’s cultural and historical subject matter experts. Certain resources may contain content that some may find disturbing. As part of our nation’s history, this material is part of a holistic learning opportunity.

National Park Service Documents

• Roberts, G. L. (2013). American Indians and the Civil War. National Park Service/Department of the Interior.

• General Management Plan / Environmental Assessment (June 2015). National Park Service/Department of the Interior. The result of seven years of consultations and community input. The GMP contains an excellent historical summary of the Sand Creek Massacre.

• Site Location Study (2000). National Park Service. The document presented to Congress in preparation for the establishment act of 2000. The Site Location Study contains a number of oral history interviews.

Other Agency Documents

• Report of the John Evans Study Committee, Northwestern University (May 2014)

• Report of the John Evans Study Committee, University of Denver (November 2014)

• Sand Creek Massacre Commemoration Commission: Report and Recommendations, State of Colorado (November 2014)

Other Resources

• Sand Creek Massacre: The Betrayal that Changed Cheyenne and Arapaho People Forever, Exhibition, History Colorado Center, Denver

• History Colorado Sand Creek Massacre Bibliography

• History Colorado Sand Creek Massacre Syllabus

Videos

• Sand Creek Massacre 150th Commemoration Symposium, National Museum of the American Indian, Washington, D.C., October 9, 2014

• Sand Creek Massacre, Rocky Mountain PBS, Colorado Experience, November 2014

• The Sand Creek Massacre and the Civil War, National Park Service and Postmodern Productions, November 2014

• Sand Creek Massacre National History Site, History Colorado, Denver, 2011

• Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Dedication, National Park Service and Postmodern Productions

General References

• Carroll, John, The Sand Creek Massacre: A Documentary History, Sol Lewis, NY, 1973. First hand transcripts of over sixty witnesses and attached documents. This is invaluable as a resource because it contains sworn testimonies and affidavits.

• Hoig, Stan, The Sand Creek Massacre, U. of Okla. Press, Norman, 1961. Although somewhat dated, his primary research continues to stand the test of time.

• Kelman, Ari, Ph. D, A Misplaced Massacre: Struggling over the Memory of Sand Creek, Harvard U. Press, Cambridge, MA, 2013.

• Kelman, Ari, Ph. D, Essential Civil War Curriculum: The Sand Creek Massacre, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies, Blacksburg, VA, 2018

• Roberts, Gary L. Ph.D. Sand Creek: Tragedy and Symbol, U. of OK, Dissertation, Norman, 1984. Copies of this document can be found in some libraries.

• Roberts, Gary L., PhD., Massacre at Sand Creek: How Methodists Were Involved in an American Tragedy, Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN, 2016. Commissioned by the United Methodist Church, is full of new and formerly special information from the church archives concerning Gov. John Evans, John Chivington and the church’s influence on both men.

• West, Elliott, Ph.D., The Essential West, Collected Essays, U. of OK Press, Norman, 2012. In particular read “Called-Out People, The Cheyennes and the Central Plains.”

• West, Elliott, Ph.D., The Contested Plains: Indians, Goldseekers, & the Rush to Colorado, U. Press of KS, Lawrence, 1998.

Cheyenne and Arapaho References

• Afton, J.; Halaas, D. F.; Masich, A. E.; Cheyenne Dog Soldiers: A Ledgerbook History of Coups and Combat, including Appendix A: Chronology of Cheyenne Military Actions 1864-1869, co-published CO Historical Society and University Presses of CO, 1997

• Berthrong, Donald J., The Southern Cheyennes, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1963.

• Chalfant, William Y., Cheyennes at Dark Water Creek: The Last Fight of the Red River War, Fwd. Fr. Peter John Powell, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1997

• Chalfant, Cheyennes and Horse Soldiers: The 1857 Expedition and the Battle of Solomon’s Fork, fwd Robert M. Utley, Red River Books, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1989, 2002.

• Coel, Margaret, Chief Left Hand Southern Arapaho, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1981.

• Grinnell, George Bird, The Fighting Cheyennes, 1915 Scribner's Sons, 1971, U. of OK Press, Norman

• Grinnell, George Bird, The Cheyenne Indians, Volumes I, II, 1923 The Cheyenne Indians: Their History and Lifeways, edited and illustrated, abridged and adapted by Joseph A. Fitzgerald, World Wisdom, Inc., Bloomington, IN 2008. www.worldwisdom.com

• Halaas, D. F. & Masich, A. E., Halfbreed: The Remarkable True Story of George Bent – Caught Between the Worlds of the Indian and the White Man, Da Capo, Cambridge, MA, 2004.

• Hyde, George, Life of George Bent: Written From His Letters, ed.S. Lottinville, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1968.

• Liberty, Margot, editor, Woodenlegs, John, commentator, A Northern Cheyenne Album: Photographs by Thomas B. Marquis, U. of OK Press, Norman, 2006

• Monnett, John H., Tell Them We Are Going Home: The Odyssey of the Northern Cheyennes, U. of OK Press, Norman, 2001.

• Powell, Father Peter John, (S.J.) People of the Sacred Mountain: A History of the Northern Cheyenne Chiefs and Warrior Societies 1830 – 1879, Harper & Row, 1984.

• Powell, Fr. Peter J., Sweet Medicine, The Continuing Role of the Sacred Arrows, the Sun Dance, and the Sacred Buffalo Hat in Northern Cheyenne History, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1969

• Red Hat, William Wayne Jr., William Wayne Red Hat, Jr., Cheyenne Keeper of the Arrows, Ed. by Sibylle M. Schlesier, U. of OK Press, Norman, 2008.

• Stands in Timber, John and Margot Liberty, Cheyenne Memories, 1967, 2nd ed. 1997, New Haven, Yale Univ. Press

• Trenholm, Virginia Cole, The Arapahoes, Our People, U. of OK Press, Norman, 1970, 1986

• Wiles, Sara, Arapaho Journeys: Photographs and Stories from the Wind River Reservation, U. of OK Press, Norman 201